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Preview Responses

Disciplinary scholars provide initial reactions and questions to help shape the final Theology Brief.

Ian Hutchinson

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Affirmations from a Physicist on Created Order

Thank you for a hint of fascinating and insightful ideas relating justice and the created order of the natural world. I respond with outlines of some personal affirmations and contrasts, keyed to subsections.

Biological & Physical Sciences1 min read

Daniel Hastings

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Is All Weapons Research Acceptable?

I am deeply and fundamentally in agreement with the argument. I would like to know as an engineer who does research how it guides me with respect to the choices of research, in particular, research on weapons and what classes of weapons. Is all weapons research acceptable if it helps sustain the cre…

Biological & Physical Sciences1 min read

Barbara Drossel

Technical University of Darmstadt

Top-Down Causation Disproves Reductionism and Physicalism

I like the text, and I have a comment concerning the remark on the laws of physics and quantum chance: pure chance that depends on nothing would not help with "freedom" in the sense we humans understand it. What is essential is that chance is contextual, and that there are top-down influences. We mu…

Biological & Physical Sciences1 min read

Daniel Chua

University of Hong Kong

The Possibility of Music as Created Order

Music is a kind of cosmic natural law – at least in the ancient world. Both the Confucian and Pythagorean traditions posited music as a harmonious mathematical order that was simultaneously scientific, aesthetic and moral; and Pythagorean music theory was then adapted and incorporated in the Christi…

Fine & Performing Arts1 min read

Eleonore Stump

Saint Louis University

Aquinas on the Moral Life Is Very Different from Wolterstorff

In the history of the Christian intellectual tradition, the account by Thomas Aquinas of the moral life, the virtues, and other such things, is very different from the account sketched in the Preview. Aquinas’s approach to the moral life emphasizes love, second-personal relations with the deity, and…

Humanities1 min read

Stewart Gill

University of Melbourne

There Is No Place for Ego in Christian Scholarly Dialogue

While many critics have argued that the world is becoming increasingly secular yet, in many of the major conflict zones in the world, religion is at the centre. As the West supposedly becomes more secular it is increasingly difficult for us to understand this. Whereas, in the past, radical elements …

Humanities4 min read

Casey Strine

University of Sheffield

This Theology Is Entirely About Humans - What About Animals and the Ecosystem?

First, I note the way that Prof Biggar discusses how the created order leads on to some propositions about the moral order as thought provoking and helpful. It is, however, androcentric. The focus is entirely on human beings, and in its current form does not attend to the wide realm of the created o…

Humanities1 min read

Nicholas Wolterstorff

Yale University

Worship, Art, Justice, and Love Are All Modes of Acknowledging Goodness

Nigel Biggar’s theology-brief preview, “Created Order,” is an excellent brief statement of the Christian understanding of the created order, along with some helpful suggestions concerning the implications of that understanding for the work of scholars. I affirm everything he says.

Humanities1 min read

Karen Kong (江嘉恩)

University of Hong Kong

Hong Kong's Core Legal Values Are Under Attack

The natural moral law is often viewed as the foundation or building block of the common law legal tradition which originated from England. Values like fairness, justice, equality, the rule of law, and respect for individual rights and liberties permeate the rules of common law and equity. These valu…

Law1 min read

Terence C. Halliday

American Bar Foundation

Is Order Inherently Good? Or Can Disorder Open Space for Renewal?

I am most grateful to Prof Biggar for this lucid and compact Preview on God’s created physical and moral orders, especially insofar as it touches on law, politics and society—the nexus of my own research and writing. I have four questions.

Social SciencesLaw1 min read

Tyler VanderWeele

Harvard University School of Public Health

How Do We Build Consensus Around Basic Human Goods?

To what extent, and in what ways, can one argue for the basic human goods and the propositions of natural law that follow from a Christian understanding of the created order to effectively persuade those who are not themselves Christian?

Medicine1 min read

John R. Peteet

Harvard Medical School

The Good Precedes Moral Rules - That Could Help My Patients

What I find most intriguing in Created Order is the idea that goods (e.g., “friendship with God, personal integrity, just relationships, the experience of beauty, and creativity”) precede moral laws, which serve them. This has at least two liberating implications for me as a psychiatrist. One is tha…

Medicine1 min read

Joerg Friedrichs

University of Oxford

A Tragic View on Moral Law and International Relations

This is excellent, and highly readable. My only comment is that, in the section on moral law and international relations, a recognition might be in order that some respected and respectable thinkers in the tradition of political realism (including Reinhold Niebuhr, a protestant theologian) have a tr…

Social Sciences1 min read

Judith M. Dean

Brandeis University

On What Universal Moral Grounds Can You Intervene to Rescue Girls from Brothels?

Regarding international relations, Biggar notes that "even where there are no contracts between different peoples—where there is no international law—moral law still obtains." There is an interesting example of this in economic development, particularly among those passionate about solving global po…

Social Sciences1 min read

Allan Bell

Auckland University of Technology

Order in Creation Is Accompanied by Profusion, Abundance and Untidiness

Nigel Biggar’s is a fine statement of the actuality and character of created order, and its relation to moral order. His stress on the pervasiveness of morality through creation, and of the way of life which this implies for politics, international relations, and the academy, is winning and timely.

Social Sciences2 min read

Donald Hay

University of Oxford

What About the Noetic Effects of Sin in the Academic Search for Truth?

The exposition concentrates on just one implication of created order - that is, moral order with implications for ethics generally and more specifically political order. For that I found it excellent, and the applications in the last three sections more than compensated for the fairly abstract reaso…

Social Sciences2 min read

K. K. Yeo

Garrett-Evangelical Seminary

Can Chaos Work for Good?

Does the difference between Old Testament monotheism and New Testament trinitarianism affect how we think about created order? More particularly, does it affect our understanding of what kind of community is best aligned with the created order? I’m asking neither about the relationship between OT an…

Theology1 min read

Christopher Hays

Fundación Universitaria Seminario Bíblico de Colombia

Is the New Testament Exemplary for Developing Moral Theology?

Since my own work focuses on New Testament ethics, in both descriptive and prescriptive senses (i.e., what are the ethical convictions of New Testament authors and how should they shape Christian ethics today), this brief—sketching out some of the lines that run between the created order and the mor…

Theology2 min read

Murray Rae

University of Otago

Order Is a Condition of Freedom, Not Its Enemy

How are we to conceive and articulate the relation between the attributes of God and the attributes of creation? Biggar observes that biblical tradition affirms the oneness of God which is to say first, that ‘there is one good God unrivalled by any evil opponent’, and second, that ‘God is internally…

Theology1 min read

Oliver O’Donovan

University of Edinburgh

The Christian Tradition Never Agreed on When Rebellion Is Justified

I am delighted to see Nigel exploring these themes, which run parallel to much of my own work in the last two decades. With his general approach I am in the strongest sympathy, and in raising three questions I hope simply to tease out some of the underlying logic that a two-page summary inevitably g…

Theology2 min read